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Official Description

Repair of nonunion or malunion, humerus; with iliac or other autograft (includes obtaining graft)

© Copyright 2026 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Common Language Description

The procedure described by CPT® Code 24435 involves the surgical repair of a nonunion or malunion of the humerus, which is the long bone in the upper arm. A nonunion occurs when the fracture fragments fail to heal together after an extended period, typically defined as 8 to 10 months. Conversely, a malunion refers to a situation where the bone fragments heal in an incorrect position, leading to potential complications such as deformity, pain, and impaired function. The repair process includes the use of an autograft, which is a graft taken from the patient's own body, often from the iliac crest, to fill in the bone defect and promote healing. This procedure is essential for restoring the structural integrity of the humerus and ensuring proper alignment and function of the arm. The surgical approach requires careful evaluation of the fracture site, and may involve additional steps such as refracturing the bone to achieve proper alignment before securing the graft and stabilizing the fracture with internal fixation devices. The overall goal is to facilitate healing and restore normal anatomy and function to the affected arm.

© Copyright 2026 Coding Ahead. All rights reserved.

1. Indications

The procedure described by CPT® Code 24435 is indicated for patients who present with a nonunion or malunion of the humerus. The following conditions may warrant this surgical intervention:

  • Nonunion of Humerus - This condition is characterized by the failure of the fracture fragments to unite after a prolonged period, typically 8 to 10 months, leading to persistent pain and dysfunction.
  • Malunion of Humerus - This occurs when the bone heals in an improper position, resulting in deformity, pain, and potential complications such as nerve impingement or joint incongruity.
  • Osseous Abnormalities - Malunion can lead to structural abnormalities in the bone, necessitating surgical correction to restore normal anatomy.
  • Soft Tissue Contracture - Associated soft tissue issues may arise from malunion, which can further complicate the healing process and functional recovery.

2. Procedure

The procedure for CPT® Code 24435 involves several critical steps to effectively repair the nonunion or malunion of the humerus:

  • Evaluation of the Fracture Site - The surgical team begins by exposing the original fracture site of the humerus. This allows for a thorough assessment of the nonunion or malunion to determine the appropriate repair strategy.
  • Preparation of the Bone Site - The area of the nonunion or malunion is prepared, which may involve refracturing the bone to facilitate proper alignment and healing.
  • Harvesting of Autograft - An autograft is obtained from the iliac crest. A skin incision is made over the iliac crest, and the muscle is carefully stripped away to expose the bone surface. Cortical and/or cancellous bone is harvested to be used as a graft.
  • Configuration of the Graft - The harvested bone is shaped to fit the defect in the humerus. If cancellous bone is used, it may be morcellized and packed into the defect to promote healing.
  • Securing the Graft - Internal fixation devices, such as pins or wires, may be utilized as needed to secure the bone graft in place. Additionally, a compression plate and screws or other internal fixation methods are employed to stabilize the fracture and maintain anatomical alignment.
  • Verification of Stability - After the fixation devices are in place, the stability of the fracture is checked, and alignment is confirmed through radiographic imaging to ensure proper healing conditions.

3. Post-Procedure

Post-procedure care for patients undergoing the repair of a nonunion or malunion of the humerus includes monitoring for signs of healing and potential complications. Patients may require immobilization of the arm to allow for proper recovery. Follow-up appointments are essential to assess the healing process through physical examinations and imaging studies. Rehabilitation may be necessary to restore function and strength to the arm, and patients should be educated on activity restrictions during the recovery period to prevent re-injury. The overall goal of post-procedure care is to ensure successful healing and return to normal activities.

Short Descr REPAIR HUMERUS WITH GRAFT
Medium Descr REPAIR NON/MALUNION HUMERUS W/ILIAC/OTH AGRFT
Long Descr Repair of nonunion or malunion, humerus; with iliac or other autograft (includes obtaining graft)
Status Code Active Code
Global Days 090 - Major Surgery
PC/TC Indicator (26, TC) 0 - Physician Service Code
Multiple Procedures (51) 2 - Standard payment adjustment rules for multiple procedures apply.
Bilateral Surgery (50) 1 - 150% payment adjustment for bilateral procedures applies.
Physician Supervisions 09 - Concept does not apply.
Assistant Surgeon (80, 82) 2 - Payment restriction for assistants at surgery does not apply to this procedure...
Co-Surgeons (62) 1 - Co-surgeons could be paid, though supporting documentation is required...
Team Surgery (66) 0 - Team surgeons not permitted for this procedure.
Diagnostic Imaging Family 99 - Concept Does Not Apply
APC Status Indicator Hospital Part B services paid through a comprehensive APC
ASC Payment Indicator Device-intensive procedure added to ASC list in CY 2008 or later; paid at adjusted rate.
Type of Service (TOS) 2 - Surgery
Berenson-Eggers TOS (BETOS) P3D - Major procedure, orthopedic - other
MUE 1
CCS Clinical Classification 161 - Other OR therapeutic procedures on bone

This is a primary code that can be used with these additional add-on codes.

20703 Add-on Code MPFS Status: Active Code APC N Removal of drug-delivery device(s), intramedullary (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
LT Left side (used to identify procedures performed on the left side of the body)
22 Increased procedural services: when the work required to provide a service is substantially greater than typically required, it may be identified by adding modifier 22 to the usual procedure code. documentation must support the substantial additional work and the reason for the additional work (ie, increased intensity, time, technical difficulty of procedure, severity of patient's condition, physical and mental effort required). note: this modifier should not be appended to an e/m service.
51 Multiple procedures: when multiple procedures, other than e/m services, physical medicine and rehabilitation services or provision of supplies (eg, vaccines), are performed at the same session by the same individual, the primary procedure or service may be reported as listed. the additional procedure(s) or service(s) may be identified by appending modifier 51 to the additional procedure or service code(s). note: this modifier should not be appended to designated "add-on" codes (see appendix d).
58 Staged or related procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional during the postoperative period: it may be necessary to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was: (a) planned or anticipated (staged); (b) more extensive than the original procedure; or (c) for therapy following a surgical procedure. this circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 58 to the staged or related procedure. note: for treatment of a problem that requires a return to the operating/procedure room (eg, unanticipated clinical condition), see modifier 78.
59 Distinct procedural service: under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other non-e/m services performed on the same day. modifier 59 is used to identify procedures/services, other than e/m services, that are not normally reported together, but are appropriate under the circumstances. documentation must support a different session, different procedure or surgery, different site or organ system, separate incision/excision, separate lesion, or separate injury (or area of injury in extensive injuries) not ordinarily encountered or performed on the same day by the same individual. however, when another already established modifier is appropriate it should be used rather than modifier 59. only if no more descriptive modifier is available, and the use of modifier 59 best explains the circumstances, should modifier 59 be used. note: modifier 59 should not be appended to an e/m service. to report a separate and distinct e/m service with a non-e/m service performed on the same date, see modifier 25.
62 Two surgeons: when 2 surgeons work together as primary surgeons performing distinct part(s) of a procedure, each surgeon should report his/her distinct operative work by adding modifier 62 to the procedure code and any associated add-on code(s) for that procedure as long as both surgeons continue to work together as primary surgeons. each surgeon should report the co-surgery once using the same procedure code. if additional procedure(s) (including add-on procedure(s) are performed during the same surgical session, separate code(s) may also be reported with modifier 62 added. note: if a co-surgeon acts as an assistant in the performance of additional procedure(s), other than those reported with the modifier 62, during the same surgical session, those services may be reported using separate procedure code(s) with modifier 80 or modifier 82 added, as appropriate.
78 Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room by the same physician or other qualified health care professional following initial procedure for a related procedure during the postoperative period: it may be necessary to indicate that another procedure was performed during the postoperative period of the initial procedure (unplanned procedure following initial procedure). when this procedure is related to the first, and requires the use of an operating/procedure room, it may be reported by adding modifier 78 to the related procedure. (for repeat procedures, see modifier 76.)
79 Unrelated procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional during the postoperative period: the individual may need to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was unrelated to the original procedure. this circumstance may be reported by using modifier 79. (for repeat procedures on the same day, see modifier 76.)
80 Assistant surgeon: surgical assistant services may be identified by adding modifier 80 to the usual procedure number(s).
82 Assistant surgeon (when qualified resident surgeon not available): the unavailability of a qualified resident surgeon is a prerequisite for use of modifier 82 appended to the usual procedure code number(s).
AQ Physician providing a service in an unlisted health professional shortage area (hpsa)
AS Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist services for assistant at surgery
GC This service has been performed in part by a resident under the direction of a teaching physician
RT Right side (used to identify procedures performed on the right side of the body)
SG Ambulatory surgical center (asc) facility service
XP Separate practitioner, a service that is distinct because it was performed by a different practitioner
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Pre-1990 Added Code added.
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