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Official Description

Arthrotomy, including exploration, drainage, or removal of loose or foreign body; interphalangeal joint

© Copyright 2026 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Common Language Description

The procedure described by CPT® Code 28024 refers to an arthrotomy of the interphalangeal joint, which involves surgical intervention to explore, drain, or remove loose or foreign bodies from the joint. The interphalangeal joints are the hinge joints located between the phalanges of the fingers and toes, specifically allowing for flexion and extension movements. This procedure is typically indicated when there is a need to address issues such as fluid accumulation, infection, or the presence of foreign materials within the joint space. The surgical approach is tailored to the specific site of concern, which may involve dissection of surrounding tissues to access the joint capsule. Once the joint is accessed, it is thoroughly explored, and any pathological materials, such as infected fluid or foreign bodies, are addressed. The procedure may also include flushing the joint with saline to ensure cleanliness and proper healing. The closure of the incision is performed in layers, and a dressing is applied to protect the surgical site. It is important to note that different CPT codes are used for similar procedures on other joints, such as the intertarsal or tarsometatarsal joints and the metatarsophalangeal joints, which are specified by codes 28020 and 28022, respectively.

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1. Indications

The procedure described by CPT® Code 28024 is indicated for various conditions affecting the interphalangeal joint. These include:

  • Fluid Accumulation The presence of excess fluid within the joint, which may indicate underlying pathology such as infection or inflammation.
  • Infection The presence of an infection within the joint, often characterized by symptoms such as pain, swelling, and redness, necessitating surgical intervention to drain purulent material.
  • Foreign Body Presence The identification of loose or foreign bodies within the joint that may cause pain, discomfort, or impaired function, requiring removal to restore normal joint mechanics.

2. Procedure

The procedure for CPT® Code 28024 involves several critical steps to ensure effective treatment of the interphalangeal joint. The steps are as follows:

  • Step 1: Surgical Approach The surgeon begins by determining the appropriate approach based on the location of the fluid collection, foreign body, or other conditions requiring exploration. This may involve making an incision over the affected joint.
  • Step 2: Dissection and Exposure Tissues surrounding the joint are carefully dissected to expose the joint capsule. This step is crucial for gaining access to the joint space while minimizing damage to surrounding structures.
  • Step 3: Joint Capsule Opening Once the joint capsule is exposed, it is opened to allow for direct exploration of the joint. This step is essential for assessing the internal condition of the joint.
  • Step 4: Exploration and Drainage The joint is thoroughly explored, and if an infection is present, any fluid, including blood and purulent matter, is drained. This helps to alleviate pressure and reduce the risk of further complications.
  • Step 5: Culturing and Flushing Cultures are obtained from the joint fluid and sent for laboratory analysis to identify any infectious agents. The joint is then flushed with saline solution to remove any debris and ensure cleanliness.
  • Step 6: Foreign Body Removal Any identified foreign bodies within the joint are located and removed during the procedure. This is critical for restoring normal joint function and alleviating pain.
  • Step 7: Final Flushing and Drain Placement After the removal of foreign bodies, the joint is flushed again with saline solution. Drains may be placed as needed to facilitate further drainage of any residual fluid.
  • Step 8: Closure The incision is closed in layers around the drain to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk of infection. A dressing is then applied to protect the surgical site.

3. Post-Procedure

Post-procedure care following an arthrotomy of the interphalangeal joint includes monitoring for signs of infection, managing pain, and ensuring proper wound care. Patients may be advised to keep the surgical site clean and dry, and to follow specific instructions regarding activity restrictions to promote healing. The presence of drains may require additional care to prevent complications. Follow-up appointments are typically scheduled to assess healing and to remove any drains if applicable. Rehabilitation exercises may also be recommended to restore range of motion and strength in the affected joint.

Short Descr EXPLORATION OF TOE JOINT
Medium Descr ARTHRT W/EXPL DRG/RMVL LOOSE/FB IPHAL JT
Long Descr Arthrotomy, including exploration, drainage, or removal of loose or foreign body; interphalangeal joint
Status Code Active Code
Global Days 090 - Major Surgery
PC/TC Indicator (26, TC) 0 - Physician Service Code
Multiple Procedures (51) 2 - Standard payment adjustment rules for multiple procedures apply.
Bilateral Surgery (50) 0 - 150% payment adjustment for bilateral procedures does NOT apply.
Physician Supervisions 09 - Concept does not apply.
Assistant Surgeon (80, 82) 1 - Statutory payment restriction for assistants at surgery applies to this procedure...
Co-Surgeons (62) 0 - Co-surgeons not permitted for this procedure.
Team Surgery (66) 0 - Team surgeons not permitted for this procedure.
Diagnostic Imaging Family 99 - Concept Does Not Apply
APC Status Indicator Hospital Part B services paid through a comprehensive APC
ASC Payment Indicator Surgical procedure on ASC list in CY 2007; payment based on OPPS relative payment weight.
Type of Service (TOS) 2 - Surgery
Berenson-Eggers TOS (BETOS) P3D - Major procedure, orthopedic - other
MUE 4
CCS Clinical Classification 162 - Other OR therapeutic procedures on joints
22 Increased procedural services: when the work required to provide a service is substantially greater than typically required, it may be identified by adding modifier 22 to the usual procedure code. documentation must support the substantial additional work and the reason for the additional work (ie, increased intensity, time, technical difficulty of procedure, severity of patient's condition, physical and mental effort required). note: this modifier should not be appended to an e/m service.
51 Multiple procedures: when multiple procedures, other than e/m services, physical medicine and rehabilitation services or provision of supplies (eg, vaccines), are performed at the same session by the same individual, the primary procedure or service may be reported as listed. the additional procedure(s) or service(s) may be identified by appending modifier 51 to the additional procedure or service code(s). note: this modifier should not be appended to designated "add-on" codes (see appendix d).
58 Staged or related procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional during the postoperative period: it may be necessary to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was: (a) planned or anticipated (staged); (b) more extensive than the original procedure; or (c) for therapy following a surgical procedure. this circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 58 to the staged or related procedure. note: for treatment of a problem that requires a return to the operating/procedure room (eg, unanticipated clinical condition), see modifier 78.
59 Distinct procedural service: under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other non-e/m services performed on the same day. modifier 59 is used to identify procedures/services, other than e/m services, that are not normally reported together, but are appropriate under the circumstances. documentation must support a different session, different procedure or surgery, different site or organ system, separate incision/excision, separate lesion, or separate injury (or area of injury in extensive injuries) not ordinarily encountered or performed on the same day by the same individual. however, when another already established modifier is appropriate it should be used rather than modifier 59. only if no more descriptive modifier is available, and the use of modifier 59 best explains the circumstances, should modifier 59 be used. note: modifier 59 should not be appended to an e/m service. to report a separate and distinct e/m service with a non-e/m service performed on the same date, see modifier 25.
76 Repeat procedure or service by same physician or other qualified health care professional: it may be necessary to indicate that a procedure or service was repeated by the same physician or other qualified health care professional subsequent to the original procedure or service. this circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 76 to the repeated procedure or service. note: this modifier should not be appended to an e/m service.
78 Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room by the same physician or other qualified health care professional following initial procedure for a related procedure during the postoperative period: it may be necessary to indicate that another procedure was performed during the postoperative period of the initial procedure (unplanned procedure following initial procedure). when this procedure is related to the first, and requires the use of an operating/procedure room, it may be reported by adding modifier 78 to the related procedure. (for repeat procedures, see modifier 76.)
79 Unrelated procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional during the postoperative period: the individual may need to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was unrelated to the original procedure. this circumstance may be reported by using modifier 79. (for repeat procedures on the same day, see modifier 76.)
80 Assistant surgeon: surgical assistant services may be identified by adding modifier 80 to the usual procedure number(s).
82 Assistant surgeon (when qualified resident surgeon not available): the unavailability of a qualified resident surgeon is a prerequisite for use of modifier 82 appended to the usual procedure code number(s).
AG Primary physician
AS Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist services for assistant at surgery
F1 Left hand, second digit
F3 Left hand, fourth digit
F4 Left hand, fifth digit
F5 Right hand, thumb
F6 Right hand, second digit
F7 Right hand, third digit
GC This service has been performed in part by a resident under the direction of a teaching physician
GW Service not related to the hospice patient's terminal condition
LT Left side (used to identify procedures performed on the left side of the body)
RT Right side (used to identify procedures performed on the right side of the body)
SG Ambulatory surgical center (asc) facility service
T1 Left foot, second digit
T2 Left foot, third digit
T3 Left foot, fourth digit
T4 Left foot, fifth digit
T5 Right foot, great toe
T6 Right foot, second digit
T7 Right foot, third digit
T8 Right foot, fourth digit
T9 Right foot, fifth digit
TA Left foot, great toe
XS Separate structure, a service that is distinct because it was performed on a separate organ/structure
XU Unusual non-overlapping service, the use of a service that is distinct because it does not overlap usual components of the main service
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