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Official Description

Keratoplasty (corneal transplant); anterior lamellar

© Copyright 2026 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Common Language Description

An anterior lamellar keratoplasty is a specialized surgical procedure aimed at replacing a diseased or scarred portion of the anterior layer of the cornea while preserving the underlying healthy corneal tissue. This technique is particularly beneficial for patients with conditions affecting only the superficial layers of the cornea, allowing for a more selective approach to corneal transplantation. The procedure involves precise surgical techniques, including trephination, which is the process of creating a circular incision in the cornea to a specific depth of 400 micrometers. This depth is critical as it ensures that only the affected layers are removed, minimizing damage to the surrounding healthy corneal structure. The use of a 25-gauge bent needle facilitates the injection of air to create a 'big bubble' within the cornea, which aids in the separation of the deeper stromal layers from Descemet's membrane, thus allowing for a more controlled dissection of the corneal tissue. The procedure is meticulously performed to ensure optimal outcomes, including the successful integration of the donor cornea into the recipient's eye, ultimately improving visual function and quality of life for patients suffering from corneal diseases.

© Copyright 2026 Coding Ahead. All rights reserved.

1. Indications

The anterior lamellar keratoplasty is indicated for patients with specific corneal conditions that necessitate the replacement of the anterior layers of the cornea while preserving the deeper structures. The following conditions may warrant this procedure:

  • Corneal Scarring - Presence of scars on the anterior cornea that impair vision.
  • Corneal Dystrophies - Genetic disorders affecting the cornea, leading to opacification or irregularities.
  • Corneal Edema - Swelling of the cornea due to fluid accumulation, often resulting from endothelial dysfunction.
  • Trauma - Injury to the cornea that affects only the anterior layers without compromising the deeper corneal structures.

2. Procedure

The anterior lamellar keratoplasty involves several critical procedural steps to ensure successful transplantation of the corneal tissue. Each step is performed with precision to achieve the desired outcome.

  • Step 1: Trephination - The procedure begins with the trephination of the anterior corneal surface to a depth of 400 micrometers. This is achieved using a specialized instrument that creates a circular incision, allowing access to the affected layers of the cornea.
  • Step 2: Air Injection - A 25-gauge bent needle is inserted into the corneal stroma through the trephine cut, with the bevel facing downward. Air is injected to create a 'big bubble' that helps detach the deep stromal layers from Descemet's membrane, facilitating the subsequent lamellar dissection.
  • Step 3: Removal of Anterior Stromal Disc - Once the big bubble is formed, the anterior stromal disc is carefully excised using a rounded blade, allowing access to the deeper layers of the cornea.
  • Step 4: Aqueous Humor Release - The anterior chamber is entered, and a portion of the aqueous humor is released. A miotic agent is then injected to constrict the pupil, aiding in the procedure.
  • Step 5: Bubble Test - A bubble test is performed by injecting a small amount of air into the anterior chamber to confirm that the big bubble is properly formed. If the bubble remains within the periphery, it indicates successful formation.
  • Step 6: Collapse of Big Bubble - A small, oblique incision is made in the corneal stromal surface to collapse the big bubble, allowing the small bubble in the anterior chamber to migrate to the central area.
  • Step 7: Use of Viscoelastic Material - Viscoelastic material is introduced to fill the space between Descemet's membrane and the detached stroma, aiding in the separation of the tissue layers.
  • Step 8: Excising Remaining Stroma - Microscissors are utilized to excise any remaining deep corneal stroma, exposing the smooth surface of Descemet's membrane for the donor cornea placement.
  • Step 9: Donor Cornea Placement - The donor cornea is trephined, stripped of its Descemet's membrane and epithelium, and then placed into the host corneal bed. It is secured in place using sutures to ensure proper alignment and integration.

3. Post-Procedure

After the anterior lamellar keratoplasty, patients typically require careful monitoring and follow-up care to ensure proper healing and integration of the donor tissue. Post-operative care may include the use of topical antibiotics to prevent infection, anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling, and regular follow-up visits to assess the healing process. Patients are advised to avoid strenuous activities and protect the eye from trauma during the initial recovery period. The expected recovery time can vary, but many patients may begin to notice improvements in vision within weeks following the procedure, with continued healing over several months.

Short Descr CORNEAL TRANSPLANT
Medium Descr KERATOPLASTY ANTERIOR LAMELLAR
Long Descr Keratoplasty (corneal transplant); anterior lamellar
Status Code Active Code
Global Days 090 - Major Surgery
PC/TC Indicator (26, TC) 0 - Physician Service Code
Multiple Procedures (51) 2 - Standard payment adjustment rules for multiple procedures apply.
Bilateral Surgery (50) 1 - 150% payment adjustment for bilateral procedures applies.
Physician Supervisions 09 - Concept does not apply.
Assistant Surgeon (80, 82) 2 - Payment restriction for assistants at surgery does not apply to this procedure...
Co-Surgeons (62) 1 - Co-surgeons could be paid, though supporting documentation is required...
Team Surgery (66) 0 - Team surgeons not permitted for this procedure.
Diagnostic Imaging Family 99 - Concept Does Not Apply
APC Status Indicator Hospital Part B services paid through a comprehensive APC
ASC Payment Indicator Surgical procedure on ASC list in CY 2007; payment based on OPPS relative payment weight.
Type of Service (TOS) 2 - Surgery
Berenson-Eggers TOS (BETOS) P4A - Eye procedure - corneal transplant
MUE 1
CCS Clinical Classification 13 - Corneal transplant
22 Increased procedural services: when the work required to provide a service is substantially greater than typically required, it may be identified by adding modifier 22 to the usual procedure code. documentation must support the substantial additional work and the reason for the additional work (ie, increased intensity, time, technical difficulty of procedure, severity of patient's condition, physical and mental effort required). note: this modifier should not be appended to an e/m service.
51 Multiple procedures: when multiple procedures, other than e/m services, physical medicine and rehabilitation services or provision of supplies (eg, vaccines), are performed at the same session by the same individual, the primary procedure or service may be reported as listed. the additional procedure(s) or service(s) may be identified by appending modifier 51 to the additional procedure or service code(s). note: this modifier should not be appended to designated "add-on" codes (see appendix d).
54 Surgical care only: when 1 physician or other qualified health care professional performs a surgical procedure and another provides preoperative and/or postoperative management, surgical services may be identified by adding modifier 54 to the usual procedure number.
55 Postoperative management only: when 1 physician or other qualified health care professional performed the postoperative management and another performed the surgical procedure, the postoperative component may be identified by adding modifier 55 to the usual procedure number.
58 Staged or related procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional during the postoperative period: it may be necessary to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was: (a) planned or anticipated (staged); (b) more extensive than the original procedure; or (c) for therapy following a surgical procedure. this circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 58 to the staged or related procedure. note: for treatment of a problem that requires a return to the operating/procedure room (eg, unanticipated clinical condition), see modifier 78.
59 Distinct procedural service: under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other non-e/m services performed on the same day. modifier 59 is used to identify procedures/services, other than e/m services, that are not normally reported together, but are appropriate under the circumstances. documentation must support a different session, different procedure or surgery, different site or organ system, separate incision/excision, separate lesion, or separate injury (or area of injury in extensive injuries) not ordinarily encountered or performed on the same day by the same individual. however, when another already established modifier is appropriate it should be used rather than modifier 59. only if no more descriptive modifier is available, and the use of modifier 59 best explains the circumstances, should modifier 59 be used. note: modifier 59 should not be appended to an e/m service. to report a separate and distinct e/m service with a non-e/m service performed on the same date, see modifier 25.
78 Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room by the same physician or other qualified health care professional following initial procedure for a related procedure during the postoperative period: it may be necessary to indicate that another procedure was performed during the postoperative period of the initial procedure (unplanned procedure following initial procedure). when this procedure is related to the first, and requires the use of an operating/procedure room, it may be reported by adding modifier 78 to the related procedure. (for repeat procedures, see modifier 76.)
79 Unrelated procedure or service by the same physician or other qualified health care professional during the postoperative period: the individual may need to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was unrelated to the original procedure. this circumstance may be reported by using modifier 79. (for repeat procedures on the same day, see modifier 76.)
80 Assistant surgeon: surgical assistant services may be identified by adding modifier 80 to the usual procedure number(s).
82 Assistant surgeon (when qualified resident surgeon not available): the unavailability of a qualified resident surgeon is a prerequisite for use of modifier 82 appended to the usual procedure code number(s).
AS Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist services for assistant at surgery
CR Catastrophe/disaster related
GC This service has been performed in part by a resident under the direction of a teaching physician
LT Left side (used to identify procedures performed on the left side of the body)
RT Right side (used to identify procedures performed on the right side of the body)
SG Ambulatory surgical center (asc) facility service
XU Unusual non-overlapping service, the use of a service that is distinct because it does not overlap usual components of the main service
Date
Action
Notes
2009-01-01 Changed Code description changed
Pre-1990 Added Code added.
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